JAMES VAN BLARICUM

The natural gas used by consumers is composed almost entirely of methane. However, natural gas found at the wellhead, although still composed primarily of methane, is by no means as pure. Raw natural gas comes from three types of wells: oil wells, gas wells, and condensate wells. Natural gas that comes from oil wells is typically termed ‘associated gas’. This gas can exist separate from oil in the formation (free gas), or dissolved in the crude oil (dissolved gas). Natural gas from gas and condensate wells, in which there is little or no crude oil, is termed ‘nonassociated gas’. Gas wells typically produce raw natural gas by itself, while condensate wells produce free natural gas along with a semi-liquid hydrocarbon condensate. Whatever the source of the natural gas, once separated from crude oil (if present) it commonly exists in mixtures with other hydrocarbons; principally ethane, propane, butane, and pentanes. In addition, raw natural gas contains water vapor, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbon dioxide, helium, nitrogen, and other compounds.( james e van blaricum )

Capillaries - Minute spaces, cracks or pores in rock through which hydrocarbon fluids move in response to natural forces.

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Miocene - Fourth division of Tertiary period spanning a time interval from 26 to 12 million years ago. james van blaricum





In addition to separating oil and some condensate from the wet gas stream, it is necessary to remove most of the associated water. Most of the liquid, free water associated with extracted natural gas is removed by simple separation methods at or near the wellhead. However, the removal of the water vapor that exists in solution in natural gas requires a more complex treatment. This treatment consists of ‘dehydrating’ the natural gas, which usually involves one of two processes: either absorption, or adsorption.( signal oil and gas company )


Risk - Measure of likelihood of occurrence of an undesirable event and of potentially adverse consequences.

james e van blaricum
Coal - During Carboniferous period much of world was covered with vegetation growing in swamps. This vegetation died and became submerged under water. As decomposition took place, vegetable matter lost oxygen and hydrogen atoms, leaving a peat deposit with a high percentage of carbon. As time passed, layers of sand and mud settled from water over some of peat deposits. Pressure of these overlying layers, as well as movements of earth’s crust and sometimes volcanic heat, acted to compress and harden deposits, thus producing coal. james e van blaricum




But there is another side–the U.S. oil industry does not prosper during periods of low oil prices. Oil industry workers lose their jobs, many small wells are permanently sealed, and the exploration for new oil sources drops off.( james van blaricum )

Pliocene - Fifth and most recent division of Tertiary period on geologic time scale from about 12 million to 2 million years ago.

james van blaricum

In addition to mud damage removal, if sufficient Arcasolve™ fluid is used to fill the wellbore and penetrate some distance into the formation an increase in the permeability of the formation can be achieved. The matrix stimulation of the formation can stimulate production above that which would be obtained even with complete damage removal. signal oil and gas company





Aquifer - Underground zone of permeable rock saturated with water under pressure.( signal oil & gas company )


Although there are several ways that methane, and thus natural gas, may be formed, it is usually found underneath the surface of the earth. As natural gas has a low density, once formed it will rise towards the surface of the earth through loose, shale type rock and other material. Most of this methane will simply rise to the surface and dissipate into the air. However, a great deal of this methane will rise up into geological formations that ‘trap’ the gas under the ground. These formations are made up of layers of porous, sedimentary rock (kind of like a sponge, that soaks up and contains the gas), with a denser, impermeable layer of rock on top. This impermeable rock traps the natural gas under the ground. If these formations are large enough, they can trap a great deal of natural gas underground, in what is known as a reservoir. There are a number of different types of these formations, but the most common is created when the impermeable sedimentary rock forms a ‘dome’ shape, like an umbrella that catches all of the natural gas that is floating to the surface. There are a number of ways that this sort of ‘dome’ may be formed. For instance, faults are a common location for oil and natural gas deposits to exist. A fault occurs when the normal sedimentary layers sort of ’split’ vertically, so that impermeable rock shifts down to trap natural gas in the more permeable limestone or sandstone layers. Essentially, the geological formation which layers impermeable rock over more porous, oil and gas rich sediment, has the potential to form a reservoir. The picture below shows how natural gas and oil can be trapped under impermeable sedimentary rock, in what is known as an anticlinal formation. To successfully bring these fossil fuels to the surface, a hole must be drilled through the impermeable rock to release the fossil fuels under pressure. Note that in reservoirs that contain oil and gas, the gas, being the least dense, is found closest to the surface, with the oil beneath it, typically followed by a certain amount of water.

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The situation is far from hopeless though, and many improvements have been made since the passage of the Clean Air Act in 1970. Oil companies have cleaned up their refineries by reducing air and water emissions. Gasolines have been reformulated to bum cleaner, dramatically cutting the levels of lead, nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons released into the air. And, in response to the oil tanker spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska, in 1989, oil companies formed the Marine Spill Response Corporation to ensure fast and effective clean-up of oil spills. signal oil & gas company




In addition to processing done at the wellhead and at centralized processing plants, some final processing is also sometimes accomplished at ’straddle extraction plants’. These plants are located on major pipeline systems. Although the natural gas that arrives at these straddle extraction plants is already of pipeline quality, in certain instances there still exist small quantities of NGLs, which are extracted at the straddle plants.( james van blaricum )

In order to maintain pressure in depleted reservoirs, about 50 percent of the natural gas in the formation must be kept as cushion gas. However, depleted reservoirs, having already been filled with natural gas and hydrocarbons, do not require the injection of what will become physically unrecoverable gas; that gas already exists in the formation.

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Reservoir drive - Powered by difference in pressures within reservoir and well. james van blaricum





Production Installation - An installation from which development wells are drilled and that carries all associated processing plants and other equipment needed to maintain a field in production.( signal oil & gas company )


Appraisal well - A well drilled as part of an appraisal drilling programme.

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Once the well is completed, it may begin to produce natural gas. In some instances, the hydrocarbons that exist in pressurized formations will naturally rise up through the well to the surface. This is most commonly the case with natural gas. Since natural gas is lighter than air, once a conduit to the surface is opened, the pressurized gas will rise to the surface with little or no interference. This is most common for formations containing natural gas alone, or with a light condensate. In these scenarios, once the christmas tree is installed, the natural gas will flow to the surface on its own. james e van blaricum




Slug catcher - Plant installed in a gas pipeline system to catch unwanted “slugs” of liquid.( signal oil and gas company )

Air injection - An enhanced recovery technique in which air is injected into hydrocarbon formation to increase reservoir pressure.

james e van blaricum

Reservoir - Subsurface, porous, permeable rock formation in which hydrocarbons are present. signal oil & gas company





Spot market - International market in which oil or oil products are traded for immediate delivery at current (spot) price.( james e van blaricum )


Can I avoid fuel evaporation and loss by keeping my tank almost full? - It shouldn’t be a concern. Technical changes to vehicle fuel systems have virtually eliminated fuel evaporation losses.

james van blaricum
Liner - Small diameter casing extending into producing layer from just inside bottom of final string of casing cemented in a well. signal oil and gas company




Natural gas storage plays a vital role in maintaining the reliability of supply needed to meet the demands of consumers. Historically, when natural gas was a regulated commodity, storage was part of the bundled product sold by the pipelines to distribution utilities. This all changed in 1992 with the introduction of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission’s (FERC) Order 636, which opened up the natural gas market to deregulation. Essentially, this meant that where natural gas storage was required prior to Order 636 for the operational requirements of the pipelines in meeting the needs of the utilities, it is now available to anyone seeking storage for commercial purposes or operational requirements. Storage used to serve only as a buffer between transportation and distribution, to ensure adequate supplies of natural gas were in place for seasonal demand shifts, and unexpected demand surges. Now, in addition to serving those purposes, natural gas storage is also used by industry participants for commercial reasons; storing gas when prices are low, and withdrawing and selling it when prices are high, for instance. The purpose and use of storage has been closely linked to the regulatory environment of the time.( signal oil & gas company )

Refineries use many different methods to make these products. One method is a heating process called distillation. Since oil products have different boiling points, the end products can be distilled or separated. For example, asphalts have a higher boiling point than gasolines, allowing the two to be separated.

james e van blaricum

Operator - Company which operates a Licence, either on its own behalf, or, if a member of a consortium, on behalf of Licensees. Takes primary responsibility for day-to-day operations for an activity (exploration, development or production). james e van blaricum



Spot market - International market in which oil or oil products are traded for immediate delivery at current (spot) price.( signal oil and gas company )

HCl is particularly corrosive to steel, aluminium or chromium plated equipment which are components of many pumps. Expensive corrosion inhibitors need to be used in these circumstances. This cost becomes very significant when treating formations at higher temperatures due to the requirement for higher doses of corrosion inhibitor. Corrosion inhibitors are not required with Arcasolve™.

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Sedimentary rock - Formed by consolidation of deposits formed by settlement of sand, silt, and other materials. signal oil and gas company



Geology - Field of science concerned with origin of planet Earth, its history, its shape, materials forming it, and processes that are acting and have acted on it.( james van blaricum )

Field - Geographical area under which an oil or gas reservoir lies.

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The absorption method of NGL extraction is very similar to using absorption for dehydration. The main difference is that, in NGL absorption, an absorbing oil is used as opposed to glycol. This absorbing oil has an ‘affinity’ for NGLs in much the same manner as glycol has an affinity for water. Before the oil has picked up any NGLs, it is termed ‘lean’ absorption oil. As the natural gas is passed through an absorption tower, it is brought into contact with the absorption oil which soaks up a high proportion of the NGLs. The ‘rich’ absorption oil, now containing NGLs, exits the absorption tower through the bottom. It is now a mixture of absorption oil, propane, butanes, pentanes, and other heavier hydrocarbons. The rich oil is fed into lean oil stills, where the mixture is heated to a temperature above the boiling point of the NGLs, but below that of the oil. This process allows for the recovery of around 75 percent of butanes, and 85 - 90 percent of pentanes and heavier molecules from the natural gas stream. james van blaricum



Emergency Response - Pipeline companies have extensive emergency response teams that train for the possibility of a wide range of potential accidents and emergencies.( james e van blaricum )

A number of different acids are used in conventional acidizing treatments, the most common are: · Hydrochloric, HCl · Hydrofluoric, HF · Acetic, CH3COOH · Formic, HCOOH

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The Downstream Segment includes the nation’s 144 refineries, which process more than 17 million barrels of crude oil every day. This segment also includes transporting petroleum products by tanker trucks from thousands of local terminals to the approximately 167,500 service stations across the United States, and the ownership and operation of those retail outlets. signal oil & gas company



Arcasolve™ can be used for a large number of acidizing applications including damage removal, completion and stimulation of horizontal wells, matrix acidizing, fracture acidizing, gel breaking and stimulation of natural fracture networks.( signal oil and gas company )

Circulation - Techniques for bringing cuttings from bottom of well bore to surface by continuously pumping drilling mud down through drill-string and up annulus during rotary drilling.

james e van blaricum

There was an early recognition that it was desirable to delay the rate of reaction of the acid and a variety of techniques have been developed to achieve this. Patents relating to several of these techniques have been issued. Further information on these retarded acid systems is given below. signal oil & gas company



Horizontal drilling is a technique which has been enthusiastically adopted by the oil industry since about 1988. Because the wellbore has a greater contact area with the oil bearing zone, much higher rates of production are possible compared to conventional vertical wells. Productivity at least 2-3 times that of vertical wells can generally be achieved. Despite higher costs, return on investment is better than for vertical wells in many circumstances.( signal oil & gas company )

Refineries have another job. They remove contaminants from the oil. A refinery removes sulfur from gasoline, for example, to increase its efficiency and to reduce air pollution.

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Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) - Gases made from coals and other hydrocarbon-containing substances. james e van blaricum



Drill cuttings - Lifted continually to surface during drilling by a circulating-fluid system driven by a pump. To facilitate removal of cuttings, mud is constantly circulated down through drill pipe, out through nozzles in drill bit, and then up to surface through space between drill pipe and well bore through earth (diameter of bit is somewhat greater than that of pipe).( james van blaricum )

Gas field - Field containing natural gas, but no oil.

james van blaricum

Blow-down - Condensate and gas produced simultaneously from outset of production. signal oil and gas company



The tubing head is much like the casing head. It provides a seal between the tubing, which is run inside the casing, and the surface. Like the casing head, the tubing head is designed to support the entire length of the casing, as well as provide connections at the surface, which allow the flow of fluids out of the well to be controlled.( james e van blaricum )

Conventional acidizing processes may remove damage up to several inches into the formation but are generally not effective for treatment of deeper damage. Success in treatment of deep formation damage requires the use of highly retarded acids. Arcasolve™ functions as a highly retarded acid suitable for removal of deep damage.

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Bottom-hole assembly - Components, together as a group, that make up lower end of drill-string (drill bit, drill collars, drill pipe and ancillary equipment). james van blaricum

JAMES E. VAN BLARICUM

These acids differ in their characteristics. Choice of the acid and any additives for a given situation depends on the underground reservoir characteristics and the specific intention of the treatment, for example near well bore damage removal, dissolution of scale in fractures, etc.

signal oil and gas company

It is possible to use Arcasolve for drilling damage removal from horizontal wells by introducing Arcasolve™ through the drill string following drilling operations. Use of coiled tubing, commonly used to place HCl is not needed with Arcasolve™.

The effectiveness of Arcasolve™ at removing damage to carbonate formations caused by the use of water based drilling muds has been demonstrated in an independent study carried out by Stimlab (UK) with support from the UK DTI. Stimlab is a recognized source of expertise on acidizing technologies. More recent Stimlab work has demonstrated that Arcasolve™ is also effective for the removal of oil based drilling mud damage from carbonate cores. Arcasolve™ may also be useful for the removal of dolomite (carbonate) weighted drilling muds from sandstone formations.

Lifting equipment consists of a variety of specialized equipment used to help ‘lift’ petroleum out of a formation. This is most commonly used to extract oil from a formation. Because oil is found as a viscous liquid, it takes some coaxing to extract it from underground. Various types of lifting equipment are available, but the most common lifting method is known as ‘rod pumping’. Rod pumping is powered by a surface pump that moves a cable and rod up and down in the well, providing the lifting pressure required to bring the oil to the surface. The most common type of cable rod lifting equipment is the ‘horse head’ or conventional beam pump. These pumps are recognizable by the distinctive shape of the cable feeding fixture, which resembles a horse’s head.(signal oil & gas company)


As well as treating carbonate formations Arcasolve™ can be used to remove deep carbonate scale from sandstones.

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We count on our cars to get us where we want to go, when we want to go. That sense of freedom is important to us, but we also want to be sure we do our best to conserve natural resources for future generations.

In undamaged formations even significant permeability increases over a 3 to 6 meter radius around the wellbore will result in less dramatic stimulation than achieved when removing damage. There is a practical limit of about a 50% increase in injectivity or productivity of undamaged oil or water wells which can be achieved using matrix stimulation.

Its importance has grown since the mid-1990s. Natural gas is an attractive fuel because it is clean burning and efficient,and because ample supplies of natural gas have been availablefrom domestic resources and from Canada.(james van blaricum)


Condensate wells are wells that contain natural gas, as well as a liquid condensate. This condensate is a liquid hydrocarbon mixture that is often separated from the natural gas either at the wellhead, or during the processing of the natural gas. Depending on the type of well that is being drilled, completion may differ slightly. It is important to remember that natural gas, being lighter than air, will naturally rise to the surface of a well. Because of this, in many natural gas and condensate wells, lifting equipment and well treatment are not necessary.

james van blaricum

A third way in which methane (and natural gas) may be formed is through abiogenic processes. Extremely deep under the earth’s crust, there exist hydrogen-rich gases and carbon molecules. As these gases gradually rise towards the surface of the earth, they may interact with minerals that also exist underground, in the absence of oxygen. This interaction may result in a reaction, forming elements and compounds that are found in the atmosphere (including nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, argon, and water). If these gases are under very high pressure as they move towards the surface of the earth, they are likely to form methane deposits, similar to thermogenic methane.

A typical petroleum reservoir is mostly sandstone or limestone in which oil is trapped. The oil in it may be as thin as gasoline or as thick as tar.

Once the pipe is welded, bent, and coated, it can be lowered into the previously dug trenches. This is done with specialized tracked construction equipment acting in tandem to lift the pipe relatively uniformly and lower it into the trench. Once lowered into the ground, the trench is filled in carefully, to ensure that the pipe and its coating do not incur damage. The last step in pipeline construction is the hydrostatic test. This consists of running water, at pressures higher than will be needed for natural gas transportation, through the entire length of the pipe. This serves as a test to ensure that the pipeline is strong enough, and absent of any leaks of fissures, before natural gas is pumped through the pipeline.(signal oil & gas)


Gas processing is an instrumental piece of the natural gas value chain. It is instrumental in ensuring that the natural gas intended for use is as clean and pure as possible, making it the clean burning and environmentally sound energy choice. Once the natural gas has been fully processed, and is ready to be consumed, it must be transported from those areas that produce natural gas, to those areas that require it.

james van blaricum

Longer-term factors that have been tied to variations in gasoline versus diesel prices include the different seasonal price variations for the two fuels, and differing tax rates.

Arcasolve™ is a patented acidizing method which uses acid precursors (which are not themselves acidic) in combination with a catalyst. The catalyst acts on the precursors to produce organic acid (normally acetic acid) in-situ following placement of the Arcasolve fluid within the wellbore or rock formation.

As stated in (4.a.) above, removal of near well bore damage can result in significant stimulation, by say three-fold. Treatment normally involves injecting 15% HCl followed by a sufficient afterflush of water or hydrocarbon to clear all acid from well tubulars. A corrosion inhibitor is added to the acid to protect tubulars during exposure to acid. Other additives, such as anti-sludge agents, iron chelating agents, de-emulsifiers and mutual solvents are added as required for a specific formation.(james e van blaricum)


Americans use almost 17 million barrels of oil (more than 700 million gallons) every day of the year. And experts say we will be using more and more oil, especially for transportation, in the coming years. Even now, we use almost 13 percent more oil for transportation than we did in 1973 when the first oil crisis hit the United States. This is true even though today’s automobiles get more than 1.5 times as many miles to the gallon as their 1970s counterparts. There are 50 percent more vehicles on the road today than in the 1970s. Today we use about two out of every three barrels of oil to keep us on the move.

james van blaricum

The difficulty of applying HCl in extremely long horizontal producing intervals to uniformly remove drilling damage has been identified by several operators as a very serious problem with the result being disappointing well productivity [15].

Natural gas storage plays a vital role in maintaining the reliability of supply needed to meet the demands of consumers. Historically, when natural gas was a regulated commodity, storage was part of the bundled product sold by the pipelines to distribution utilities. This all changed in 1992 with the introduction of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission’s (FERC) Order 636, which opened up the natural gas market to deregulation. Essentially, this meant that where natural gas storage was required prior to Order 636 for the operational requirements of the pipelines in meeting the needs of the utilities, it is now available to anyone seeking storage for commercial purposes or operational requirements. Storage used to serve only as a buffer between transportation and distribution, to ensure adequate supplies of natural gas were in place for seasonal demand shifts, and unexpected demand surges. Now, in addition to serving those purposes, natural gas storage is also used by industry participants for commercial reasons; storing gas when prices are low, and withdrawing and selling it when prices are high, for instance. The purpose and use of storage has been closely linked to the regulatory environment of the time.

In this episode of EnergyTomorrow Radio, API’s Jane Van Ryan and Sara Banaxzak, with Bill Cooper of the Center for Liquefied Natural Gas, discuss the value and use of liquefied natural gas (LNG) as an energy source.(james e van blaricum)


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Choosing an Oil for Your Motorcycle

There are a few special problem areas for motorcycle oil. Most motorcycles have wet clutches, which means the motor oil runs through the clutch. If the motor oil has too much molybdenum in it, there are fears that the clutch can start slipping. No one I know has ever actually had this happen to them, but the warnings are all over your owners’ manual and the oil companies’ web pages. Signal Oil On the back of all certified oil cans is a circular stamp with the certification. Avoid oils that say “energy conserving” in the bottom half of the donut. These oils contain friction modifier additives that could cause clutch slipping over time. Essentially all 0w-20, 5w-30 and 10w-30 oils are energy conserving, and should not be used in your motorcycle.

Jim van Blaricum Most motorcycles run the engine oil through the transmission, and the transmission gears are very hard on the oil’s VII package. This means that over a couple thousand miles, the oil’s viscosity can break down. Standard car oils are only good for typically 1500 miles before they’ve lost about half of their viscosity. Remember, 10w-40 oils contain a lot of VIIs which tend to shear in your transmission, so I believe 10w-40 oils should be avoided. James van BlaricumYou can’t use 10w-30 because of the friction modifiers. This doesn’t leave much. Commercial 15w-40 oils are a good choice, because they have relatively few VIIs which are the more expensive shear-stable sort. Synthetics typically don’t contain much of a VII package, so shear is not as big an issue with them.

Signal Oil and Gas - Why do we need oil?

James van Blaricum, we put oil in our engines to serve several purposes. First, obviously, oil acts as a lubricant. If your engine is operating correctly, there is almost no metal to metal contact - everything is riding on a thin film of oil. Jim van Blaricum, however, oil has several other important jobs to do. Signal Oil and Gas circulates throughout your engine, and cools parts that cannot get near a water jacket. For example, it’s becoming common in sport bikes to spray oil on the underside of the piston to cool it. There are no water jackets at all in your transmission. Motorcycle transmissions are oil cooled.

Racing Oil, NASCAR oil, etc.

Some manufacturers also sell something they call “racing oil.” Normally, this is actually fairly decent oil, but you should not be mislead into thinking racing cars use the best oils for you. Race drivers start their engine one time only, warm it up slowly and carefully, then run the engine near or at the red line for a couple hours. 100 to 500 miles later, they completely tear down the engine and replace all the worn parts, the oil, and the oil filter. If you think you might like to go more than 500 miles between major engine rebuilds, you might consider that your use of your engine is quite different from Michael Andretti’s.

Jim van Blaricum, your piston rings do not do a perfect job of sealing. Some combustion by products will slip past the rings into the engine. This can be little particles of carbon. Remember, diamond is carbon that was combined under heat and pressure. James van Blaricum, these little carbon particles can be quite damaging to your engine. Another job of your oil is to hold these particles in suspension until the oil filter can grab them. Jim van Blaricum, also, if your gasoline has sulpher in it (it does), this sulpher can react with water and oxygen to make sulphuric acid. This is some stuff that is seriously bad for your engine. James van Blaricum, your oil has special ingredients in it called buffers to neutralize acids. Finally, your engine can get internal build ups of tars, waxes, and other gunk. Jim van Blaricum, your oil has solvents to try to dissolve this stuff and get and keep your engine clean.

Why do we change our oil?

We’re now in a position to discuss this. Your oil is a combination of one or more base oils and a complicated additive package. The base oils will actually last as long as your motorcycle - many hundreds of thousands of miles, several years. The reason we change our oil is the additive package wears out. The buffers get used up neutralizing acids. The detergents and dispersants get used up clinging to gunk that’s too small for your oil filter to pick out. The VII package gets shredded by your transmission. You could imagine a device that pulled out your oil, gave it a very thorough cleaning, replaced the buffers, detergents, and VII molecules, and put it back into your engine. Sort of a motor oil dialysis machine. However, in a country that has and Alaska, in a world where oil is $30 / barrel, this makes no sense. So, we dump out our entire four quarts of oil because 3% of the oil is used up. It’s really just a cheap way of getting a bunch of contaminants out of our engine. This is why it does make sense to recycle oil: if you can process the oil hundreds of gallons at a time, you can separate out the base stocks economically. Signal Oil If you use synthetic oils and bring your used oil to a recycling collection point, you can feel especially good: a bunch of school buses and city buses are going to get an extra little kick in their base oil because of you. In fact, you can tell your wife that’s why you need this exotic, expensive synthetic oil: it’s solely out of your concern for the children. If everybody used Spiffo-Magic SuperLube the recycled oil would be junk, and in no time flat the school buses would all break down and the kids would have to walk to school, 23 miles, in the snow, uphill both ways. Jim van Blaricum Why, in no time flat the kids would lose weight, improve their cardiovascular conditioning, and just generally be more healthy and have more energy. What a nightmare!

API Oil Standards

James van Blaricum The additive package is made to make the finished oil product meet one of the certifications. There are two classes of certification: S, for Service, and C, for commercial. The certification standards are maintained by the API, the American Petroleum Institute. Over the years, the API has improved and changed these standards. The most current S standards are SL and SM. These standards differ from earlier standards like SH by lowering phosphorus to improve catalytic converter life, and increasing molybdenum to lower internal engine friction and improve gas mileage. James van Blaricum Phosphorus was originally added to oils to help protect high pressure areas like cam lobes and crankshaft bearings, so lowering phosphorus levels is a compromise of lower pollution, perhaps at the expense of engine life. Jim van Blaricum Molybdenum is added to improve fuel economy due to the federal CAFE (Corporate Average Fuel Economy) standards, thereby helping GM and Ford keep selling large V8s to the American public, but can perhaps cause problems in engines with wet clutches. Signal Oil Most S additive packages are also designed to be inexpensive so that the resulting oil can be sold at a low price. SL and SM oils are both low phosphorus; SM oils which are labeled “energy conserving” are high molybdenum.

Signal Oil and Gas Where Oil Comes From

Most of the bio-mass on earth is single cell plants and microscopic critters in the ocean. When these die, they sink to the bottom. James van Blaricum, often they fall into a deep crevasse or trench, where they may become covered up by an underwater landslide. Jim van Blaricum, after a couple hundred million years of high pressure and no air, the critters get squished into oil. So, oil isn’t really “dead dinosaurs,” but Signal Oil and Gas Oil stations just wouldn’t be the same with a picture of algie on their sign. Today we like to find this stuff, pump it to the surface, and burn it.

The Signal Oil and Gas we pump to the surface is a mixture of gasoline, kerosene, light weight lubricating oil, motor oil, gear oil, tars, paraffins, waxes, asphalt, sand, dirt, organic stuff (called aromatics) and the occasional dead cockroach. We call this stuff crude oil, for reasons that I think are now self-explanitory. James van Blaricum, the oil companies have the singularly smelly job of separating the crude oil into its component parts. A hundred years ago we would just heat the stuff up in a complicated still, and catch stuff that boiled off at different temperatures. Jim van Blaricum, fifty years ago we started processing the crude oil with clay and solvents to do a more precise job. Today, Signal Oil and Gas use very complicated systems where we heat the crude oil to precise temperatures, put it under high pressure, and bubble hydrogen and other stuff through it. James van Blaricum, the idea of all this is to try to get pure chemicals out of this stuff that we just found laying around in the desert.

The API charges serious money to test an oil and certify it. If the API really tested the oil in their independent lab, and the oil company pays their royalties on time, the oil company gets to display the API seal on their product. Some smaller companies don’t pay the API to test their oils and certify them. James van Blaricum In these cases, you won’t see the API seal, instead you’ll see some words like “Meets or exceeds all manufacturers warranty requirements. API Service SJ, SL, CF.” It’s up to you to decide if you trust this manufacturer to actually test their oil themselves and tell you the truth about the results.

JASO certified Signal Oil

Another institute that certifies oils is called the Japanese Automotive Standards Organization, JASO. One wonders why this Japanese organization has an English name. . . In any case, they have two classifications for motorcycles, “MA” and “MB.” MA is the one you want. MB is like the API SL category, it’s got all those nasty friction reducing chemicals that may scare your clutch into misbehaving. Again, there is an official JASO seal if the oil has been independently tested. The seal is a rectangle; in the upper quarter of the rectangle will be a serial number, and the lower three quarters will just have the letters MA. If the oil manufacturer did their own testing, instead you’ll see just words like “Meets or exceeds JASO MA standards.”

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